GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING SILYMARIN, THEIR EFFECT ON ANIMAL CELL CULTURE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Keywords:
gold nanoparticles, nanomaterials, silymarin, flavonoidAbstract
Flavonoids comprise a diverse group of bioactive substances which are plant me-tabolites and are found in more than 10 000 chemical compounds; most of them are not ful-ly studied yet. They mainly fulfill protective functions in plant cells, namely creating pig-mentation which protects from ultra-violet radiation. Besides, flavonoids demonstrate anti-oxidant, antiviral and antibacterial qualities and are able to regulate gene expression as well as to modulate enzymatic reactions.
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References
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2. Wagner H., Horhammer L., Munster R. On the chemistry of silymarin (silibinin), the active principle of the fruits of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. (Carduus marianus L.) // Arzneimittelforschung, 1968, 18, P. 688–696.
3. Wagner H., Diesel P., Seitz M. The chemistry and analysis of silymarin from Silybum marianum Gaertn. // Arzneimittelforschung, 1974, 24, P. 466–471.
4. Sonnenbichler J., Zetl I. Biochemical effects of the flavonolignan silibinin on RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis in rat liver // Progr. Clin. Biol. Res. 1986. 213. 319–331.
5. Morazzoni P., Bombardelli E. Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus) // Fitoterapia, 1996, 66, P. 3–42.
6. Wellington K., Jarvis B. Silymarin: a review of its clinical properties in the management of hepatic disorders // BioDrugs, 2001, 15, P. 465–489.
7. Tasduq S.A., Peerzada K., Koul S., Bhat R., Johri R.K.Biochemical manifestations of anti-tuberculosis drugs induced hepatotoxicity and the effect of silymarin // Hepatol, Res., 2005, 31. P.132–135.
8. Wagner H. Plant constituents with antihepatotoxic activity. In: Beal J.L., Reinhard E. eds. Natural Products as Medicinal Agents. Stuttgart: Hippokrates-Verlag; 1981.
9. Wattenberg L.W. An overview of chemoprevention: current status and future prospects // Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1997, 216, P. 133–141.
10. Dragsted L.O. Natural antioxidants in chemoprevention // Arch. Toxicol. Suppl., 1998., 20., P. 209–226.
11. Lah J.J., Cui W., Hu K.Q. Effects and mechanisms of silibinin on human hepatoma cell lines // World J. Gastroenterol, 2007, 13, P. 5299–5305.
12. Cui W., Gu F., Hu K.Q. Effects and mechanisms of silibinin on human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice // World J. Gastroenterol, 2009, 15, P. 1943–1950.
13. Mateen S., Raina K., Jain A., Agarwal C., Chan D., Agarwal R. Epigenetic modifications and p21-cyclin B1 nexus in anticancer effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors in combination with silibinin on non-small cell lung cancer cells // Epigenetics, 2012, 7, P. 1161–1172.
14. Kauntz H., Bousserouel S., Gosse?F., Raul F. Silibinin triggers apoptotic signaling pathways and autophagic survival response in human colon adenocarcinoma cells and their derived metastatic cells // Apoptosis, 2011, 16, P. 1042–1053.
15. Gaz?k R., Walterova D., Kren V. Silybin and silymarin – new and emerging applications in medicine // Curr. Med. Chem, 2007, 14, P. 315–338.
16. Singh R., Lillard J.W. Jr. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery // Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2009. 86. 215–223.
17. Sundar S., Prajapati V.K. Drug targeting to infectious diseases by nanoparticles surface functionalized with special biomolecules // Curr. Med. Chem., 2012, 19, P. 3196–3202.
18. Khlebtsov N.G., Dykman L.A. Biodistribution and toxicity of engineered gold nanoparticles: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies // Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, P. 1647–1671.
19. Dykman L.A., Khlebtsov N.G. Gold nanoparticles in biomedical applications: recent advances and perspectives // Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012, 41, P. 2256–2282.
20. Yen H.J., Hsu S.H., Tsai C.L. Cytotoxicity and immunological response of gold and silver nanoparticles of different sizes // Small. 2009. 5. 1553–1561.
21. Dykman L.A., Staroverov S.A., Bogatyrev V.A., Shchyogolev S.Yu. Gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and an adjuvant. -New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010, 54 p.
22. Dykman L.A., Khlebtsov N.G. Uptake of engineered gold nanoparticles into mammalian cells // Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, P. 1258–1288.
23. Khlebtsov N., Bogatyrev V., Dykman L., Khlebtsov B., Staroverov S., Shirokov A., Matora L., Khanadeev V., Pylaev T., Tsyganova N., Terentyuk G. Analytical and theranostic applications of gold nanoparticles and multifunctional nanocomposites // Theranostics, 2013, 3, P. 167–180.
24. Kabir N., Ali H., Ateeq M., Bertino M.F., Shah M.R., Franze L. Silymarin coated gold nanoparticles ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatic injury and cirrhosis through down regulation of Hepatic stellate cells and attenuation of Kupffer cells // RSC Adv., 2014, 4, P. 9012–9020.
25. Khlebtsov N.G., Dykman L.A. Optical properties and biomedical applications of plasmonic nanoparticles // J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer., 2010, 111., P. 1–35.
26.Oez S., Platzer E., Welte K. A quantitative colorimetric method to evaluate the functional state of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes // Blut, 1990, 60, P. 97– 102.
